What are the different surveillance measures in the stock market?

Stock exchanges apply different surveillance measures to monitor risky or highly volatile stocks and protect investors. The key measures include:

Additional Surveillance Measures (ASM): A broad framework applied to stocks showing unusual price or volume movements, alerting investors to higher risk.

Graded Surveillance Measures (GSM): A stricter, stage-wise system for stocks with weak financials or low transparency, requiring increased caution as restrictions escalate.

Trade-to-Trade (T2T): A settlement restriction where shares must be taken for delivery and intraday trading or same-day square-off is not allowed.

Enhanced Margins / Price Bands: Higher margin requirements or reduced daily price limits imposed to curb excessive volatility and limit risk.