A joint-stock company is a business entity in which ownership is divided into transferable shares that can be bought and sold by investors (shareholders), with each shareholder's liability typically limited to the amount invested in their shares (limited liability). Joint-stock companies pool capital from a large number of shareholders, enabling the financing of enterprises too large for individual proprietors, and are the foundational legal structure of modern public listed companies. The concept of the joint-stock company emerged in 17th century Europe with the Dutch East India Company and British East India Company as early examples. In India, joint-stock companies are governed by the Companies Act, 2013, which distinguishes between private limited companies and public limited companies (the latter being eligible for stock exchange listing). Every company listed on the NSE and BSE — accessible through Ventura Securities — is a joint-stock company, making it the most fundamental corporate structure through which Indian investors participate in the ownership and growth of the country's most significant businesses.
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