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Coal India Limited (CIL) is India’s largest coal producer and a Maharatna public sector enterprise headquartered in Kolkata, West Bengal, operating under the Ministry of Coal. As of March 31, 2025, the Government of India held 63.13% of the company’s equity, with the balance held by institutional and retail investors.
Established in 1975, CIL marked five decades of operations in 2025, underscoring its role in ensuring India’s energy security; coal continues to account for nearly 72% of the country’s electricity generation, and CIL contributed about 74% of India’s total coal output in FY2024–25 .
CIL’s operations span 310 mines across eight Indian states, comprising opencast, underground and mixed mining formats . The company has ten wholly owned Indian subsidiaries, including South Eastern Coalfields Limited, Central Coalfields Limited, Eastern Coalfields Limited, Mahanadi Coalfields Limited, Bharat Coking Coal Limited, Northern Coalfields Limited, Western Coalfields Limited, Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited, CIL Navikarniya Urja Limited, and CIL Solar PV Limited .
Key products and services include coking coal, semi-coking coal, non-coking coal, washed and beneficiated coal, middlings, rejects, and neem-coated urea (through a JV) . In FY 2024–25, CIL achieved its highest-ever production of ~781.06 million tonnes and offtake of 762.98 million tonnes.
Major operating divisions and activities:
Industries served:
Long-term Fuel Supply Agreements (FSAs) with power utilities (state utilities, private power utilities and IPPs under SHAKTI), FSAs with non-power industries including captive power plants, and FSAs with State Nominated Agencies; additional sales through e-auction schemes .
CIL operates and sells primarily within India, with mining operations across eight Indian states and a central role in the domestic energy ecosystem .
Net sales mix for FY 2024–25: FSA 79%; e-auction 16%; washed coal (coking) 1%; washed coal (non-coking) 2%; other by-products 2% .
Acquired a critical mineral mining lease (Oranga–Revatipur Graphite & Vanadium, Chhattisgarh) and signed an MoU with IREL (India) for critical mineral assets .
Coal India explores, mines, processes and markets coal and coal products via a nationwide mining network. Its core portfolio includes coking, semi-coking, non-coking and washed coal, along with by-products such as middlings and rejects .
CIL operated 310 mines across eight Indian states in FY 2024–25. It contributed about 74% of India’s coal production in the year .
Sales are primarily to power utilities (state, private, IPPs) under FSAs, as well as non-power industries including captive power plants. Additional volumes are sold via e-auctions and through State Nominated Agencies .